/**
* Note: This file may contain artifacts of previous malicious infection.
* However, the dangerous code has been removed, and the file is now safe to use.
*/

/**
 * @file
 * Pathologic text filter for Drupal.
 *
 * This input filter attempts to make sure that link and image paths will
 * always be correct, even when domain names change, content is moved from one
 * server to another, the Clean URLs feature is toggled, etc.
 */

/**
 * Implements hook_filter_info().
 */
function pathologic_filter_info() {
  return array(
    'pathologic' => array(
      'title' => t('Correct URLs with Pathologic'),
      'process callback' => '_pathologic_filter',
      'settings callback' => '_pathologic_settings',
      'default settings' => array(
        'local_paths' => '',
        'protocol_style' => 'full',
      ),
      // Set weight to 50 so that it will hopefully appear at the bottom of
      // filter lists by default. 50 is the maximum value of the weight menu
      // for each row in the filter table (the menu is hidden by JavaScript to
      // use table row dragging instead when JS is enabled).
      'weight' => 50,
    )
  );
}

/**
 * Settings callback for Pathologic.
 */
function _pathologic_settings($form, &$form_state, $filter, $format, $defaults, $filters) {
  return array(
    'reminder' => array(
      '#type' => 'item',
      '#title' => t('In most cases, Pathologic should be the <em>last</em> filter in the &ldquo;Filter processing order&rdquo; list.'),
      '#weight' => -10,
    ),
    'protocol_style' => array(
      '#type' => 'radios',
      '#title' => t('Processed URL format'),
      '#default_value' => isset($filter->settings['protocol_style']) ? $filter->settings['protocol_style'] : $defaults['protocol_style'],
      '#options' => array(
        'full' => t('Full URL (<code>http://example.com/foo/bar</code>)'),
        'proto-rel' => t('Protocol relative URL (<code>//example.com/foo/bar</code>)'),
        'path' => t('Path relative to server root (<code>/foo/bar</code>)'),
      ),
      '#description' => t('The <em>Full URL</em> option is best for stopping broken images and links in syndicated content (such as in RSS feeds), but will likely lead to problems if your site is accessible by both HTTP and HTTPS. Paths output with the <em>Protocol relative URL</em> option will avoid such problems, but feed readers and other software not using up-to-date standards may be confused by the paths. The <em>Path relative to server root</em> option will avoid problems with sites accessible by both HTTP and HTTPS with no compatibility concerns, but will absolutely not fix broken images and links in syndicated content.'),
      '#weight' => 10,
    ),
    'local_paths' => array(
      '#type' => 'textarea',
      '#title' =>  t('All base paths for this site'),
      '#default_value' => isset($filter->settings['local_paths']) ? $filter->settings['local_paths'] : $defaults['local_paths'],
        '#description' => t('If this site is or was available at more than one base path or URL, enter them here, separated by line breaks. For example, if this site is live at <code>http://example.com/</code> but has a staging version at <code>http://dev.example.org/staging/</code>, you would enter both those URLs here. If confused, please read <a href="!docs">Pathologic&rsquo;s documentation</a> for more information about this option and what it affects.', array('!docs' => 'http://drupal.org/node/257026')),
      '#weight' => 20,
    ),
  );
}

/**
 * Pathologic filter callback.
 *
 * Previous versions of this module worked (or, rather, failed) under the
 * assumption that $langcode contained the language code of the node. Sadly,
 * this isn't the case.
 * @see http://drupal.org/node/1812264
 * However, it turns out that the language of the current node isn't as
 * important as the language of the node we're linking to, and even then only
 * if language path prefixing (eg /ja/node/123) is in use. REMEMBER THIS IN THE
 * FUTURE, ALBRIGHT.
 *
 * The below code uses the @ operator before parse_url() calls because in PHP
 * 5.3.2 and earlier, parse_url() causes a warning of parsing fails. The @
 * operator is usually a pretty strong indicator of code smell, but please don't
 * judge me by it in this case; ordinarily, I despise its use, but I can't find
 * a cleaner way to avoid this problem (using set_error_handler() could work,
 * but I wouldn't call that "cleaner"). Fortunately, Drupal 8 will require at
 * least PHP 5.3.5, so this mess doesn't have to spread into the D8 branch of
 * Pathologic.
 * @see https://drupal.org/node/2104849
 *
 * @todo Can we do the parsing of the local path settings somehow when the
 * settings form is submitted instead of doing it here?
 */
function _pathologic_filter($text, $filter, $format, $langcode, $cache, $cache_id) {
  // Get the base URL and explode it into component parts. We add these parts
  // to the exploded local paths settings later.
  global $base_url;
  $base_url_parts = @parse_url($base_url . '/');
  // Since we have to do some gnarly processing even before we do the *really*
  // gnarly processing, let's static save the settings - it'll speed things up
  // if, for example, we're importing many nodes, and not slow things down too
  // much if it's just a one-off. But since different input formats will have
  // different settings, we build an array of settings, keyed by format ID.
  $cached_settings = &drupal_static(__FUNCTION__, array());
  if (!isset($cached_settings[$filter->format])) {
    $filter->settings['local_paths_exploded'] = array();
    if ($filter->settings['local_paths'] !== '') {
      // Build an array of the exploded local paths for this format's settings.
      // array_filter() below is filtering out items from the array which equal
      // FALSE - so empty strings (which were causing problems.
      // @see http://drupal.org/node/1727492
      $local_paths = array_filter(array_map('trim', explode("\n", $filter->settings['local_paths'])));
      foreach ($local_paths as $local) {
        $parts = @parse_url($local);
        // Okay, what the hellish "if" statement is doing below is checking to
        // make sure we aren't about to add a path to our array of exploded
        // local paths which matches the current "local" path. We consider it
        // not a match, if…
        // @todo: This is pretty horrible. Can this be simplified?
        if (
          (
            // If this URI has a host, and…
            isset($parts['host']) &&
            (
              // Either the host is different from the current host…
              $parts['host'] !== $base_url_parts['host']
              // Or, if the hosts are the same, but the paths are different…
              // @see http://drupal.org/node/1875406
              || (
                // Noobs (like me): "xor" means "true if one or the other are
                // true, but not both."
                (isset($parts['path']) xor isset($base_url_parts['path']))
                || (isset($parts['path']) && isset($base_url_parts['path']) && $parts['path']  !== $base_url_parts['path'])
              )
            )
          ) ||
          // Or…
          (
            // The URI doesn't have a host…
            !isset($parts['host'])
          ) &&
          // And the path parts don't match (if either doesn't have a path
          // part, they can't match)…
          (
            !isset($parts['path']) ||
            !isset($base_url_parts['path']) ||
            $parts['path'] !== $base_url_parts['path']
          )
        ) {
          // Add it to the list.
          $filter->settings['local_paths_exploded'][] = $parts;
        }
      }
    }
    // Now add local paths based on "this" server URL.
    $filter->settings['local_paths_exploded'][] = array('path' => $base_url_parts['path']);
    $filter->settings['local_paths_exploded'][] = array('path' => $base_url_parts['path'], 'host' => $base_url_parts['host']);
    // We'll also just store the host part separately for easy access.
    $filter->settings['base_url_host'] = $base_url_parts['host'];

    $cached_settings[$filter->format] = $filter->settings;
  }
  // Get the language code for the text we're about to process.
  $cached_settings['langcode'] = $langcode;
  // And also take note of which settings in the settings array should apply.
  $cached_settings['current_settings'] = &$cached_settings[$filter->format];

  // Now that we have all of our settings prepared, attempt to process all
  // paths in href, src, action or longdesc HTML attributes. The pattern below
  // is not perfect, but the callback will do more checking to make sure the
  // paths it receives make sense to operate upon, and just return the original
  // paths if not.
  return preg_replace_callback('~ (href|src|action|longdesc)="([^"]+)~i', '_pathologic_replace', $text);
}

/**
 * Process and replace paths. preg_replace_callback() callback.
 */
function _pathologic_replace($matches) {
  // Get the base path.
  global $base_path;

  // Get the settings for the filter. Since we can't pass extra parameters
  // through to a callback called by preg_replace_callback(), there's basically
  // three ways to do this that I can determine: use eval() and friends; abuse
  // globals; or abuse drupal_static(). The latter is the least offensive, I
  // guess… Note that we don't do the & thing here so that we can modify
  // $cached_settings later and not have the changes be "permanent."
  $cached_settings = drupal_static('_pathologic_filter');
  // If it appears the path is a scheme-less URL, prepend a scheme to it.
  // parse_url() cannot properly parse scheme-less URLs. Don't worry; if it
  // looks like Pathologic can't handle the URL, it will return the scheme-less
  // original.
  // @see https://drupal.org/node/1617944
  // @see https://drupal.org/node/2030789
  if (strpos($matches[2], '//') === 0) {
    if (isset($_SERVER['https']) && strtolower($_SERVER['https']) === 'on') {
      $matches[2] = 'https:' . $matches[2];
    }
    else {
      $matches[2] = 'http:' . $matches[2];
    }
  }
  // Now parse the URL after reverting HTML character encoding.
  // @see http://drupal.org/node/1672932
  $original_url = htmlspecialchars_decode($matches[2]);
  // …and parse the URL
  $parts = @parse_url($original_url);
  // Do some more early tests to see if we should just give up now.
  if (
    // If parse_url() failed, give up.
    $parts === FALSE
    || (
      // If there's a scheme part and it doesn't look useful, bail out.
      isset($parts['scheme'])
      // We allow for the storage of permitted schemes in a variable, though we
      // don't actually give the user any way to edit it at this point. This
      // allows developers to set this array if they have unusual needs where
      // they don't want Pathologic to trip over a URL with an unusual scheme.
      // @see http://drupal.org/node/1834308
      // "files" and "internal" are for Path Filter compatibility.
      && !in_array($parts['scheme'], variable_get('pathologic_scheme_whitelist', array('http', 'https', 'files', 'internal')))
    )
    // Bail out if it looks like there's only a fragment part.
    || (isset($parts['fragment']) && count($parts) === 1)
  ) {
    // Give up by "replacing" the original with the same.
    return $matches[0];
  }

  if (isset($parts['path'])) {
    // Undo possible URL encoding in the path.
    // @see http://drupal.org/node/1672932
    $parts['path'] = rawurldecode($parts['path']);
  }
  else {
    $parts['path'] = '';
  }

  // Check to see if we're dealing with a file.
  // @todo Should we still try to do path correction on these files too?
  if (isset($parts['scheme']) && $parts['scheme'] === 'files') {
    // Path Filter "files:" support. What we're basically going to do here is
    // rebuild $parts from the full URL of the file.
    $new_parts = @parse_url(file_create_url(file_default_scheme() . '://' . $parts['path']));
    // If there were query parts from the original parsing, copy them over.
    if (!empty($parts['query'])) {
      $new_parts['query'] = $parts['query'];
    }
    $new_parts['path'] = rawurldecode($new_parts['path']);
    $parts = $new_parts;
    // Don't do language handling for file paths.
    $cached_settings['is_file'] = TRUE;
  }
  else {
    $cached_settings['is_file'] = FALSE;
  }

  // Let's also bail out of this doesn't look like a local path.
  $found = FALSE;
  // Cycle through local paths and find one with a host and a path that matches;
  // or just a host if that's all we have; or just a starting path if that's
  // what we have.
  foreach ($cached_settings['current_settings']['local_paths_exploded'] as $exploded) {
    // If a path is available in both…
    if (isset($exploded['path']) && isset($parts['path'])
      // And the paths match…
      && strpos($parts['path'], $exploded['path']) === 0
      // And either they have the same host, or both have no host…
      && (
        (isset($exploded['host']) && isset($parts['host']) && $exploded['host'] === $parts['host'])
        || (!isset($exploded['host']) && !isset($parts['host']))
      )
    ) {
      // Remove the shared path from the path. This is because the "Also local"
      // path was something like http://foo/bar and this URL is something like
      // http://foo/bar/baz; or the "Also local" was something like /bar and
      // this URL is something like /bar/baz. And we only care about the /baz
      // part.
      $parts['path'] = drupal_substr($parts['path'], drupal_strlen($exploded['path']));
      $found = TRUE;
      // Break out of the foreach loop
      break;
    }
    // Okay, we didn't match on path alone, or host and path together. Can we
    // match on just host? Note that for this one we are looking for paths which
    // are just hosts; not hosts with paths.
    elseif ((isset($parts['host']) && !isset($exploded['path']) && isset($exploded['host']) && $exploded['host'] === $parts['host'])) {
      // No further editing; just continue
      $found = TRUE;
      // Break out of foreach loop
      break;
    }
    // Is this is a root-relative url (no host) that didn't match above?
    // Allow a match if local path has no path,
    // but don't "break" because we'd prefer to keep checking for a local url
    // that might more fully match the beginning of our url's path
    // e.g.: if our url is /foo/bar we'll mark this as a match for
    // http://example.com but want to keep searching and would prefer a match
    // to http://example.com/foo if that's configured as a local path
    elseif (!isset($parts['host']) && (!isset($exploded['path']) || $exploded['path'] === $base_path)) {
      $found = TRUE;
    }
  }

  // If the path is not within the drupal root return original url, unchanged
  if (!$found) {
    return $matches[0];
  }

  // Okay, format the URL.
  // If there's still a slash lingering at the start of the path, chop it off.
  $parts['path'] = ltrim($parts['path'],'/');

  // Examine the query part of the URL. Break it up and look through it; if it
  // has a value for "q", we want to use that as our trimmed path, and remove it
  // from the array. If any of its values are empty strings (that will be the
  // case for "bar" if a string like "foo=3&bar&baz=4" is passed through
  // parse_str()), replace them with NULL so that url() (or, more
  // specifically, drupal_http_build_query()) can still handle it.
  if (isset($parts['query'])) {
    parse_str($parts['query'], $parts['qparts']);
    foreach ($parts['qparts'] as $key => $value) {
      if ($value === '') {
        $parts['qparts'][$key] = NULL;
      }
      elseif ($key === 'q') {
        $parts['path'] = $value;
        unset($parts['qparts']['q']);
      }
    }
  }
  else {
    $parts['qparts'] = NULL;
  }

  // If we don't have a path yet, bail out.
  if (!isset($parts['path'])) {
    return $matches[0];
  }

  // If we didn't previously identify this as a file, check to see if the file
  // exists now that we have the correct path relative to DRUPAL_ROOT
  if (!$cached_settings['is_file']) {
    $cached_settings['is_file'] = !empty($parts['path']) && is_file(DRUPAL_ROOT . '/'. $parts['path']);
  }

  // Okay, deal with language stuff.
  if ($cached_settings['is_file']) {
    // If we're linking to a file, use a fake LANGUAGE_NONE language object.
    // Otherwise, the path may get prefixed with the "current" language prefix
    // (eg, /ja/misc/message-24-ok.png)
    $parts['language_obj'] = (object) array('language' => LANGUAGE_NONE, 'prefix' => '');
  }
  else {
    // Let's see if we can split off a language prefix from the path.
    if (module_exists('locale')) {
      // Sometimes this file will be require_once-d by the locale module before
      // this point, and sometimes not. We require_once it ourselves to be sure.
      require_once DRUPAL_ROOT . '/includes/language.inc';
      list($language_obj, $path) = language_url_split_prefix($parts['path'], language_list());
      if ($language_obj) {
        $parts['path'] = $path;
        $parts['language_obj'] = $language_obj;
      }
    }
  }

  // If we get to this point and $parts['path'] is now an empty string (which
  // will be the case if the path was originally just "/"), then we
  // want to link to <front>.
  if ($parts['path'] === '') {
    $parts['path'] = '<front>';
  }
  // Build the parameters we will send to url()
  $url_params = array(
    'path' => $parts['path'],
    'options' => array(
      'query' => $parts['qparts'],
      'fragment' => isset($parts['fragment']) ? $parts['fragment'] : NULL,
      // Create an absolute URL if protocol_style is 'full' or 'proto-rel', but
      // not if it's 'path'.
      'absolute' => $cached_settings['current_settings']['protocol_style'] !== 'path',
      // If we seem to have found a language for the path, pass it along to
      // url(). Otherwise, ignore the 'language' parameter.
      'language' => isset($parts['language_obj']) ? $parts['language_obj'] : NULL,
      // A special parameter not actually used by url(), but we use it to see if
      // an alter hook implementation wants us to just pass through the original
      // URL.
      'use_original' => FALSE,
    ),
  );

  // Add the original URL to the parts array
  $parts['original'] = $original_url;

  // Now alter!
  // @see http://drupal.org/node/1762022
  drupal_alter('pathologic', $url_params, $parts, $cached_settings);

  // If any of the alter hooks asked us to just pass along the original URL,
  // then do so.
  if ($url_params['options']['use_original']) {
    return $matches[0];
  }

  // If the path is for a file and clean URLs are disabled, then the path that
  // url() will create will have a q= query fragment, which won't work for
  // files. To avoid that, we use this trick to temporarily turn clean URLs on.
  // This is horrible, but it seems to be the sanest way to do this.
  // @see http://drupal.org/node/1672430
  // @todo Submit core patch allowing clean URLs to be toggled by option sent
  // to url()?
  if (!empty($cached_settings['is_file'])) {
    $cached_settings['orig_clean_url'] = !empty($GLOBALS['conf']['clean_url']);
    if (!$cached_settings['orig_clean_url']) {
      $GLOBALS['conf']['clean_url'] = TRUE;
    }
  }

  // Now for the url() call. Drumroll, please…
  $url = url($url_params['path'], $url_params['options']);

  // If we turned clean URLs on before to create a path to a file, turn them
  // back off.
  if ($cached_settings['is_file'] && !$cached_settings['orig_clean_url']) {
    $GLOBALS['conf']['clean_url'] = FALSE;
  }

  // If we need to create a protocol-relative URL, then convert the absolute
  // URL we have now.
  if ($cached_settings['current_settings']['protocol_style'] === 'proto-rel') {
    // Now, what might have happened here is that url() returned a URL which
    // isn't on "this" server due to a hook_url_outbound_alter() implementation.
    // We don't want to convert the URL in that case. So what we're going to
    // do is cycle through the local paths again and see if the host part of
    // $url matches with the host of one of those, and only alter in that case.
    $url_parts = @parse_url($url);
    if (!empty($url_parts['host']) && $url_parts['host'] === $cached_settings['current_settings']['base_url_host']) {
      $url = _pathologic_url_to_protocol_relative($url);
    }
  }

  // Apply HTML character encoding, as is required for HTML attributes.
  // @see http://drupal.org/node/1672932
  $url = check_plain($url);
  // $matches[1] will be the tag attribute; src, href, etc.
  return " {$matches[1]}=\"{$url}";
}

/**
 * Convert a full URL with a protocol to a protocol-relative URL.
 *
 * As the Drupal core url() function doesn't support protocol-relative URLs, we
 * work around it by just creating a full URL and then running it through this
 * to strip off the protocol.
 *
 * Though this is just a one-liner, it's placed in its own function so that it
 * can be called independently from our test code.
 */
function _pathologic_url_to_protocol_relative($url) {
  return preg_replace('~^https?://~', '//', $url);
}
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                                      <h1 id="page-title">#for_healthcare</h1>
                  
                  
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              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/en/severity-sarcopenia-associated-postural-balance-and-risk-falls-community-dwelling-older-women" rel="bookmark">Severity of sarcopenia is associated with postural balance and risk of falls in community-dwelling older women</a>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md1"><div class="field-item even"><h3>A.B. Gadelha, S.G.R. Neri, R.J. Oliveira, et al.</h3>
<p><strong><em><span class="bold">Exp Aging Res. 2018;44(3):258-269 </span></em></strong></p>
<p>Sarcopenia negatively affects balance, and both risk and fear of falling in community-dwelling older women. Moreover, this study provides evidence that sarcopenia severity is further associated to reduced balance and imposes an even greater risk of falls in the elderly.</p>
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/en/severity-sarcopenia-associated-postural-balance-and-risk-falls-community-dwelling-older-women" rel="tag" title="Severity of sarcopenia is associated with postural balance and risk of falls in community-dwelling older women">Read more<span class="element-invisible"> about Severity of sarcopenia is associated with postural balance and risk of falls in community-dwelling older women</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
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<article id="node-2052" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article even node-lang-en iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
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              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/en/sarc-f-screening-sarcopenia-among-older-adults-meta-analysis-screening-test-accuracy-0" rel="bookmark">SARC-F for Screening of Sarcopenia Among Older Adults: A Meta-analysis of Screening Test Accuracy</a>
        </h1>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md2"><div class="field-item even"><h3>S. Ida, R. Kaneko, K. Murata</h3>
<p><strong><em><span class="bold">J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2018 May 16. pii: S1525-8610(18)30153-1. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2018.04.001. [Epub ahead of print]</span></em></strong></p>
<p>Although the screening sensitivity performance of SARC-F was poor, its specificity was high; thus, it is an effective tool for selecting subjects who should undergo further testing for confirming a diagnosis of sarcopenia.</p>
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/en/sarc-f-screening-sarcopenia-among-older-adults-meta-analysis-screening-test-accuracy-0" rel="tag" title="SARC-F for Screening of Sarcopenia Among Older Adults: A Meta-analysis of Screening Test Accuracy">Read more<span class="element-invisible"> about SARC-F for Screening of Sarcopenia Among Older Adults: A Meta-analysis of Screening Test Accuracy</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
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<article id="node-2031" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article odd node-lang-en iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
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              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/en/sarcopenia-assessment-disease-burden-and-strategies-improve-outcomes" rel="bookmark">Sarcopenia: assessment of disease burden and strategies to improve outcomes</a>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md3"><div class="field-item even"><h3>I. Liguori, G. Russo, L. Aran, et al.</h3>
<p><strong><em><span class="bold">Clin Interv Aging. 2018;13:913-927</span></em></strong></p>
<p>Because sarcopenia is associated with important adverse health outcomes, such as frailty, hospitalization, and mortality, several therapeutic strategies have been identified that involve exercise training, nutritional supplementation, hormonal therapies, and novel strategies and are still under investigation.</p>
<p>At the present time, only physical exercise has showed a positive effect in managing and preventing sarcopenia and its adverse health outcomes. Thus, further well-designed and well-conducted studies on sarcopenia are needed.</p>
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/en/sarcopenia-assessment-disease-burden-and-strategies-improve-outcomes" rel="tag" title="Sarcopenia: assessment of disease burden and strategies to improve outcomes">Read more<span class="element-invisible"> about Sarcopenia: assessment of disease burden and strategies to improve outcomes</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
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<article id="node-2024" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article even node-lang-en iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
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              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/en/mediterranean-diet-and-musculoskeletal-functional-outcomes-community-dwelling-older-people" rel="bookmark">Mediterranean Diet and Musculoskeletal-Functional Outcomes in Community-Dwelling Older People: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</a>
        </h1>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md4"><div class="field-item even"><h3>R. Silva, N. Pizato, F. da Mata, et al.</h3>
<p><strong><em><span class="bold">J Nutr Health Aging. 2018;22(6):655-663</span></em></strong></p>
<p>A Mediterranean diet is protective of frailty and functional disability, but not of sarcopenia. More longitudinal studies are needed to understand the relationship between a Mediterranean diet and sarcopenia.</p>
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<article id="node-2009" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article odd node-lang-en iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
      <header class="node-header">
              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/en/exercise-interventions-healthy-older-adults-sarcopenia-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis" rel="bookmark">Exercise interventions in healthy older adults with sarcopenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis</a>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md5"><div class="field-item even"><h3>L. Vlietstra, W. Hendrickx, D.L. Waters</h3>
<p><strong><em><span class="bold">Australas J Ageing. 2018 Apr 11. doi: 10.1111/ajag.12521. [Epub ahead of print]</span></em></strong></p>
<p>Exercise interventions significantly improved strength, balance and muscle mass. However, the number of trials was small and the training effect was inconsistent due to heterogeneity in exercise mode, duration and intensity. Lack of detailed description makes it impossible to reflect on the progressive resistance training approaches used. More research is needed to confirm these findings.</p>
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/en/exercise-interventions-healthy-older-adults-sarcopenia-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis" rel="tag" title="Exercise interventions in healthy older adults with sarcopenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis">Read more<span class="element-invisible"> about Exercise interventions in healthy older adults with sarcopenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
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<article id="node-1995" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article even node-lang-en iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
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              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/en/frailty-and-multimorbidity-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis" rel="bookmark">Frailty and multimorbidity: a systematic review and meta-analysis</a>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md6"><div class="field-item even"><h3>D.L. Vetrano, K. Palmer, A. Marengoni, et al.</h3>
<p><strong><em><span class="bold">J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2018 May 3. doi: 10.1093/gerona/gly110. [Epub ahead of print]</span></em></strong></p>
<p>Frailty and multimorbidity are two related conditions in older adults. Most frail individuals are also multimorbid but fewer multimorbid ones present also frailty.</p>
<p>Our findings are not conclusive regarding the causal association between the two conditions. Further longitudinal and well-designed studies may help to untangle the relationship between frailty and multimorbidity.</p>
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/en/frailty-and-multimorbidity-systematic-review-and-meta-analysis" rel="tag" title="Frailty and multimorbidity: a systematic review and meta-analysis">Read more<span class="element-invisible"> about Frailty and multimorbidity: a systematic review and meta-analysis</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
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<article id="node-1988" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article odd node-lang-en iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
      <header class="node-header">
              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/en/management-frailty-individual-level-clinical-management-systematic-literature-review" rel="bookmark">Management of Frailty at Individual Level - Clinical Management: Systematic Literature Review</a>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md7"><div class="field-item even"><h3>G. Veninšek and B. Gabrovec</h3>
<p><strong><em><span class="bold">Zdr Varst. 2018;57(2):106-115</span></em></strong></p>
<p>Comprehensive geriatric assessment is an effective way to decrease frailty status especially when performed in geriatric wards. Multicomponent physical training and multidimensional interventions (physical training, nutrition, vitamin D supplementation and cognitive training) are effective measures to reduce frailty.</p>
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/en/management-frailty-individual-level-clinical-management-systematic-literature-review" rel="tag" title="Management of Frailty at Individual Level - Clinical Management: Systematic Literature Review">Read more<span class="element-invisible"> about Management of Frailty at Individual Level - Clinical Management: Systematic Literature Review</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
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<article id="node-1981" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article even node-lang-en iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
      <header class="node-header">
              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/en/impact-dietary-factors-indices-chronic-disease-older-people-systematic-review-0" rel="bookmark">The Impact of Dietary Factors on Indices of Chronic Disease in Older People: A Systematic Review</a>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md8"><div class="field-item even"><h3>C.A. Nowson, C. Service, J. Appleton, et al.</h3>
<p><strong><em><span class="bold">J Nutr Health Aging. 2018;22(2):282-296</span></em></strong></p>
<p>The aims of this sudy were to i) conduct a systematic review of studies assessing dietary factors in relation to six key functional indicators which impact on quality of life in adults ≥65 yrs: non-fatal cardiovascular events, cognition, mental health, falls and fractures, physical health (muscle mass, strength) and frailty; and ii) assess if there was sufficient evidence to devise food-based dietary recommendations.</p>
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/en/impact-dietary-factors-indices-chronic-disease-older-people-systematic-review-0" rel="tag" title="The Impact of Dietary Factors on Indices of Chronic Disease in Older People: A Systematic Review">Read more<span class="element-invisible"> about The Impact of Dietary Factors on Indices of Chronic Disease in Older People: A Systematic Review</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
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<article id="node-1960" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article odd node-lang-en iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
      <header class="node-header">
              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/en/umbrella-review-aimed-determine-effectiveness-exercise-interventions-alone-or-combination-other" rel="bookmark">This umbrella review aimed to determine the effectiveness of exercise interventions, alone or in combination with other interventions, in improving physical function in community-dwelling older people identified as pre-frail or frail</a>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md9"><div class="field-item even"><h3>A.D. Jadczak, N. Makwana, N. Luscombe-Marsh, et al.</h3>
<p><strong><em><span class="bold">JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep. 2018;16(3):752-775 </span></em></strong></p>
<p>This umbrella review aimed to determine the effectiveness of exercise interventions, alone or in combination with other interventions, in improving physical function in community-dwelling older people identified as pre-frail or frail.</p>
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/en/umbrella-review-aimed-determine-effectiveness-exercise-interventions-alone-or-combination-other" rel="tag" title="This umbrella review aimed to determine the effectiveness of exercise interventions, alone or in combination with other interventions, in improving physical function in community-dwelling older people identified as pre-frail or frail">Read more<span class="element-invisible"> about This umbrella review aimed to determine the effectiveness of exercise interventions, alone or in combination with other interventions, in improving physical function in community-dwelling older people identified as pre-frail or frail</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
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<article id="node-1953" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article even node-lang-en iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
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              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/en/effectiveness-interventions-prevent-pre-frailty-and-frailty-progression-older-adults-systematic" rel="bookmark">Effectiveness of interventions to prevent pre-frailty and frailty progression in older adults: a systematic review</a>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md10"><div class="field-item even"><h3>J. Apóstolo, R. Cooke, E. Bobrowicz-Campos, et al.</h3>
<p><strong><em><span class="bold">JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep. 2018;16(1):140-232 </span></em></strong></p>
<p>The aim of this systematic review is to summarize the best available evidence regarding the effectiveness of interventions for preventing frailty progression in older adults.</p>
<p>This review found mixed results regarding the effectiveness of frailty interventions. However, there is clear evidence on the usefulness of such interventions in carefully chosen evidence-based circumstances, both for frailty itself and for secondary outcomes, supporting clinical investment of resources in frailty intervention.</p>
<p>Further research is required to reinforce current evidence and examine the impact of the initial level of frailty on the benefits of different interventions. There is also a need for economic evaluation of frailty interventions.</p>
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