/**
* Note: This file may contain artifacts of previous malicious infection.
* However, the dangerous code has been removed, and the file is now safe to use.
*/

/**
 * @file
 * Pathologic text filter for Drupal.
 *
 * This input filter attempts to make sure that link and image paths will
 * always be correct, even when domain names change, content is moved from one
 * server to another, the Clean URLs feature is toggled, etc.
 */

/**
 * Implements hook_filter_info().
 */
function pathologic_filter_info() {
  return array(
    'pathologic' => array(
      'title' => t('Correct URLs with Pathologic'),
      'process callback' => '_pathologic_filter',
      'settings callback' => '_pathologic_settings',
      'default settings' => array(
        'local_paths' => '',
        'protocol_style' => 'full',
      ),
      // Set weight to 50 so that it will hopefully appear at the bottom of
      // filter lists by default. 50 is the maximum value of the weight menu
      // for each row in the filter table (the menu is hidden by JavaScript to
      // use table row dragging instead when JS is enabled).
      'weight' => 50,
    )
  );
}

/**
 * Settings callback for Pathologic.
 */
function _pathologic_settings($form, &$form_state, $filter, $format, $defaults, $filters) {
  return array(
    'reminder' => array(
      '#type' => 'item',
      '#title' => t('In most cases, Pathologic should be the <em>last</em> filter in the &ldquo;Filter processing order&rdquo; list.'),
      '#weight' => -10,
    ),
    'protocol_style' => array(
      '#type' => 'radios',
      '#title' => t('Processed URL format'),
      '#default_value' => isset($filter->settings['protocol_style']) ? $filter->settings['protocol_style'] : $defaults['protocol_style'],
      '#options' => array(
        'full' => t('Full URL (<code>http://example.com/foo/bar</code>)'),
        'proto-rel' => t('Protocol relative URL (<code>//example.com/foo/bar</code>)'),
        'path' => t('Path relative to server root (<code>/foo/bar</code>)'),
      ),
      '#description' => t('The <em>Full URL</em> option is best for stopping broken images and links in syndicated content (such as in RSS feeds), but will likely lead to problems if your site is accessible by both HTTP and HTTPS. Paths output with the <em>Protocol relative URL</em> option will avoid such problems, but feed readers and other software not using up-to-date standards may be confused by the paths. The <em>Path relative to server root</em> option will avoid problems with sites accessible by both HTTP and HTTPS with no compatibility concerns, but will absolutely not fix broken images and links in syndicated content.'),
      '#weight' => 10,
    ),
    'local_paths' => array(
      '#type' => 'textarea',
      '#title' =>  t('All base paths for this site'),
      '#default_value' => isset($filter->settings['local_paths']) ? $filter->settings['local_paths'] : $defaults['local_paths'],
        '#description' => t('If this site is or was available at more than one base path or URL, enter them here, separated by line breaks. For example, if this site is live at <code>http://example.com/</code> but has a staging version at <code>http://dev.example.org/staging/</code>, you would enter both those URLs here. If confused, please read <a href="!docs">Pathologic&rsquo;s documentation</a> for more information about this option and what it affects.', array('!docs' => 'http://drupal.org/node/257026')),
      '#weight' => 20,
    ),
  );
}

/**
 * Pathologic filter callback.
 *
 * Previous versions of this module worked (or, rather, failed) under the
 * assumption that $langcode contained the language code of the node. Sadly,
 * this isn't the case.
 * @see http://drupal.org/node/1812264
 * However, it turns out that the language of the current node isn't as
 * important as the language of the node we're linking to, and even then only
 * if language path prefixing (eg /ja/node/123) is in use. REMEMBER THIS IN THE
 * FUTURE, ALBRIGHT.
 *
 * The below code uses the @ operator before parse_url() calls because in PHP
 * 5.3.2 and earlier, parse_url() causes a warning of parsing fails. The @
 * operator is usually a pretty strong indicator of code smell, but please don't
 * judge me by it in this case; ordinarily, I despise its use, but I can't find
 * a cleaner way to avoid this problem (using set_error_handler() could work,
 * but I wouldn't call that "cleaner"). Fortunately, Drupal 8 will require at
 * least PHP 5.3.5, so this mess doesn't have to spread into the D8 branch of
 * Pathologic.
 * @see https://drupal.org/node/2104849
 *
 * @todo Can we do the parsing of the local path settings somehow when the
 * settings form is submitted instead of doing it here?
 */
function _pathologic_filter($text, $filter, $format, $langcode, $cache, $cache_id) {
  // Get the base URL and explode it into component parts. We add these parts
  // to the exploded local paths settings later.
  global $base_url;
  $base_url_parts = @parse_url($base_url . '/');
  // Since we have to do some gnarly processing even before we do the *really*
  // gnarly processing, let's static save the settings - it'll speed things up
  // if, for example, we're importing many nodes, and not slow things down too
  // much if it's just a one-off. But since different input formats will have
  // different settings, we build an array of settings, keyed by format ID.
  $cached_settings = &drupal_static(__FUNCTION__, array());
  if (!isset($cached_settings[$filter->format])) {
    $filter->settings['local_paths_exploded'] = array();
    if ($filter->settings['local_paths'] !== '') {
      // Build an array of the exploded local paths for this format's settings.
      // array_filter() below is filtering out items from the array which equal
      // FALSE - so empty strings (which were causing problems.
      // @see http://drupal.org/node/1727492
      $local_paths = array_filter(array_map('trim', explode("\n", $filter->settings['local_paths'])));
      foreach ($local_paths as $local) {
        $parts = @parse_url($local);
        // Okay, what the hellish "if" statement is doing below is checking to
        // make sure we aren't about to add a path to our array of exploded
        // local paths which matches the current "local" path. We consider it
        // not a match, if…
        // @todo: This is pretty horrible. Can this be simplified?
        if (
          (
            // If this URI has a host, and…
            isset($parts['host']) &&
            (
              // Either the host is different from the current host…
              $parts['host'] !== $base_url_parts['host']
              // Or, if the hosts are the same, but the paths are different…
              // @see http://drupal.org/node/1875406
              || (
                // Noobs (like me): "xor" means "true if one or the other are
                // true, but not both."
                (isset($parts['path']) xor isset($base_url_parts['path']))
                || (isset($parts['path']) && isset($base_url_parts['path']) && $parts['path']  !== $base_url_parts['path'])
              )
            )
          ) ||
          // Or…
          (
            // The URI doesn't have a host…
            !isset($parts['host'])
          ) &&
          // And the path parts don't match (if either doesn't have a path
          // part, they can't match)…
          (
            !isset($parts['path']) ||
            !isset($base_url_parts['path']) ||
            $parts['path'] !== $base_url_parts['path']
          )
        ) {
          // Add it to the list.
          $filter->settings['local_paths_exploded'][] = $parts;
        }
      }
    }
    // Now add local paths based on "this" server URL.
    $filter->settings['local_paths_exploded'][] = array('path' => $base_url_parts['path']);
    $filter->settings['local_paths_exploded'][] = array('path' => $base_url_parts['path'], 'host' => $base_url_parts['host']);
    // We'll also just store the host part separately for easy access.
    $filter->settings['base_url_host'] = $base_url_parts['host'];

    $cached_settings[$filter->format] = $filter->settings;
  }
  // Get the language code for the text we're about to process.
  $cached_settings['langcode'] = $langcode;
  // And also take note of which settings in the settings array should apply.
  $cached_settings['current_settings'] = &$cached_settings[$filter->format];

  // Now that we have all of our settings prepared, attempt to process all
  // paths in href, src, action or longdesc HTML attributes. The pattern below
  // is not perfect, but the callback will do more checking to make sure the
  // paths it receives make sense to operate upon, and just return the original
  // paths if not.
  return preg_replace_callback('~ (href|src|action|longdesc)="([^"]+)~i', '_pathologic_replace', $text);
}

/**
 * Process and replace paths. preg_replace_callback() callback.
 */
function _pathologic_replace($matches) {
  // Get the base path.
  global $base_path;

  // Get the settings for the filter. Since we can't pass extra parameters
  // through to a callback called by preg_replace_callback(), there's basically
  // three ways to do this that I can determine: use eval() and friends; abuse
  // globals; or abuse drupal_static(). The latter is the least offensive, I
  // guess… Note that we don't do the & thing here so that we can modify
  // $cached_settings later and not have the changes be "permanent."
  $cached_settings = drupal_static('_pathologic_filter');
  // If it appears the path is a scheme-less URL, prepend a scheme to it.
  // parse_url() cannot properly parse scheme-less URLs. Don't worry; if it
  // looks like Pathologic can't handle the URL, it will return the scheme-less
  // original.
  // @see https://drupal.org/node/1617944
  // @see https://drupal.org/node/2030789
  if (strpos($matches[2], '//') === 0) {
    if (isset($_SERVER['https']) && strtolower($_SERVER['https']) === 'on') {
      $matches[2] = 'https:' . $matches[2];
    }
    else {
      $matches[2] = 'http:' . $matches[2];
    }
  }
  // Now parse the URL after reverting HTML character encoding.
  // @see http://drupal.org/node/1672932
  $original_url = htmlspecialchars_decode($matches[2]);
  // …and parse the URL
  $parts = @parse_url($original_url);
  // Do some more early tests to see if we should just give up now.
  if (
    // If parse_url() failed, give up.
    $parts === FALSE
    || (
      // If there's a scheme part and it doesn't look useful, bail out.
      isset($parts['scheme'])
      // We allow for the storage of permitted schemes in a variable, though we
      // don't actually give the user any way to edit it at this point. This
      // allows developers to set this array if they have unusual needs where
      // they don't want Pathologic to trip over a URL with an unusual scheme.
      // @see http://drupal.org/node/1834308
      // "files" and "internal" are for Path Filter compatibility.
      && !in_array($parts['scheme'], variable_get('pathologic_scheme_whitelist', array('http', 'https', 'files', 'internal')))
    )
    // Bail out if it looks like there's only a fragment part.
    || (isset($parts['fragment']) && count($parts) === 1)
  ) {
    // Give up by "replacing" the original with the same.
    return $matches[0];
  }

  if (isset($parts['path'])) {
    // Undo possible URL encoding in the path.
    // @see http://drupal.org/node/1672932
    $parts['path'] = rawurldecode($parts['path']);
  }
  else {
    $parts['path'] = '';
  }

  // Check to see if we're dealing with a file.
  // @todo Should we still try to do path correction on these files too?
  if (isset($parts['scheme']) && $parts['scheme'] === 'files') {
    // Path Filter "files:" support. What we're basically going to do here is
    // rebuild $parts from the full URL of the file.
    $new_parts = @parse_url(file_create_url(file_default_scheme() . '://' . $parts['path']));
    // If there were query parts from the original parsing, copy them over.
    if (!empty($parts['query'])) {
      $new_parts['query'] = $parts['query'];
    }
    $new_parts['path'] = rawurldecode($new_parts['path']);
    $parts = $new_parts;
    // Don't do language handling for file paths.
    $cached_settings['is_file'] = TRUE;
  }
  else {
    $cached_settings['is_file'] = FALSE;
  }

  // Let's also bail out of this doesn't look like a local path.
  $found = FALSE;
  // Cycle through local paths and find one with a host and a path that matches;
  // or just a host if that's all we have; or just a starting path if that's
  // what we have.
  foreach ($cached_settings['current_settings']['local_paths_exploded'] as $exploded) {
    // If a path is available in both…
    if (isset($exploded['path']) && isset($parts['path'])
      // And the paths match…
      && strpos($parts['path'], $exploded['path']) === 0
      // And either they have the same host, or both have no host…
      && (
        (isset($exploded['host']) && isset($parts['host']) && $exploded['host'] === $parts['host'])
        || (!isset($exploded['host']) && !isset($parts['host']))
      )
    ) {
      // Remove the shared path from the path. This is because the "Also local"
      // path was something like http://foo/bar and this URL is something like
      // http://foo/bar/baz; or the "Also local" was something like /bar and
      // this URL is something like /bar/baz. And we only care about the /baz
      // part.
      $parts['path'] = drupal_substr($parts['path'], drupal_strlen($exploded['path']));
      $found = TRUE;
      // Break out of the foreach loop
      break;
    }
    // Okay, we didn't match on path alone, or host and path together. Can we
    // match on just host? Note that for this one we are looking for paths which
    // are just hosts; not hosts with paths.
    elseif ((isset($parts['host']) && !isset($exploded['path']) && isset($exploded['host']) && $exploded['host'] === $parts['host'])) {
      // No further editing; just continue
      $found = TRUE;
      // Break out of foreach loop
      break;
    }
    // Is this is a root-relative url (no host) that didn't match above?
    // Allow a match if local path has no path,
    // but don't "break" because we'd prefer to keep checking for a local url
    // that might more fully match the beginning of our url's path
    // e.g.: if our url is /foo/bar we'll mark this as a match for
    // http://example.com but want to keep searching and would prefer a match
    // to http://example.com/foo if that's configured as a local path
    elseif (!isset($parts['host']) && (!isset($exploded['path']) || $exploded['path'] === $base_path)) {
      $found = TRUE;
    }
  }

  // If the path is not within the drupal root return original url, unchanged
  if (!$found) {
    return $matches[0];
  }

  // Okay, format the URL.
  // If there's still a slash lingering at the start of the path, chop it off.
  $parts['path'] = ltrim($parts['path'],'/');

  // Examine the query part of the URL. Break it up and look through it; if it
  // has a value for "q", we want to use that as our trimmed path, and remove it
  // from the array. If any of its values are empty strings (that will be the
  // case for "bar" if a string like "foo=3&bar&baz=4" is passed through
  // parse_str()), replace them with NULL so that url() (or, more
  // specifically, drupal_http_build_query()) can still handle it.
  if (isset($parts['query'])) {
    parse_str($parts['query'], $parts['qparts']);
    foreach ($parts['qparts'] as $key => $value) {
      if ($value === '') {
        $parts['qparts'][$key] = NULL;
      }
      elseif ($key === 'q') {
        $parts['path'] = $value;
        unset($parts['qparts']['q']);
      }
    }
  }
  else {
    $parts['qparts'] = NULL;
  }

  // If we don't have a path yet, bail out.
  if (!isset($parts['path'])) {
    return $matches[0];
  }

  // If we didn't previously identify this as a file, check to see if the file
  // exists now that we have the correct path relative to DRUPAL_ROOT
  if (!$cached_settings['is_file']) {
    $cached_settings['is_file'] = !empty($parts['path']) && is_file(DRUPAL_ROOT . '/'. $parts['path']);
  }

  // Okay, deal with language stuff.
  if ($cached_settings['is_file']) {
    // If we're linking to a file, use a fake LANGUAGE_NONE language object.
    // Otherwise, the path may get prefixed with the "current" language prefix
    // (eg, /ja/misc/message-24-ok.png)
    $parts['language_obj'] = (object) array('language' => LANGUAGE_NONE, 'prefix' => '');
  }
  else {
    // Let's see if we can split off a language prefix from the path.
    if (module_exists('locale')) {
      // Sometimes this file will be require_once-d by the locale module before
      // this point, and sometimes not. We require_once it ourselves to be sure.
      require_once DRUPAL_ROOT . '/includes/language.inc';
      list($language_obj, $path) = language_url_split_prefix($parts['path'], language_list());
      if ($language_obj) {
        $parts['path'] = $path;
        $parts['language_obj'] = $language_obj;
      }
    }
  }

  // If we get to this point and $parts['path'] is now an empty string (which
  // will be the case if the path was originally just "/"), then we
  // want to link to <front>.
  if ($parts['path'] === '') {
    $parts['path'] = '<front>';
  }
  // Build the parameters we will send to url()
  $url_params = array(
    'path' => $parts['path'],
    'options' => array(
      'query' => $parts['qparts'],
      'fragment' => isset($parts['fragment']) ? $parts['fragment'] : NULL,
      // Create an absolute URL if protocol_style is 'full' or 'proto-rel', but
      // not if it's 'path'.
      'absolute' => $cached_settings['current_settings']['protocol_style'] !== 'path',
      // If we seem to have found a language for the path, pass it along to
      // url(). Otherwise, ignore the 'language' parameter.
      'language' => isset($parts['language_obj']) ? $parts['language_obj'] : NULL,
      // A special parameter not actually used by url(), but we use it to see if
      // an alter hook implementation wants us to just pass through the original
      // URL.
      'use_original' => FALSE,
    ),
  );

  // Add the original URL to the parts array
  $parts['original'] = $original_url;

  // Now alter!
  // @see http://drupal.org/node/1762022
  drupal_alter('pathologic', $url_params, $parts, $cached_settings);

  // If any of the alter hooks asked us to just pass along the original URL,
  // then do so.
  if ($url_params['options']['use_original']) {
    return $matches[0];
  }

  // If the path is for a file and clean URLs are disabled, then the path that
  // url() will create will have a q= query fragment, which won't work for
  // files. To avoid that, we use this trick to temporarily turn clean URLs on.
  // This is horrible, but it seems to be the sanest way to do this.
  // @see http://drupal.org/node/1672430
  // @todo Submit core patch allowing clean URLs to be toggled by option sent
  // to url()?
  if (!empty($cached_settings['is_file'])) {
    $cached_settings['orig_clean_url'] = !empty($GLOBALS['conf']['clean_url']);
    if (!$cached_settings['orig_clean_url']) {
      $GLOBALS['conf']['clean_url'] = TRUE;
    }
  }

  // Now for the url() call. Drumroll, please…
  $url = url($url_params['path'], $url_params['options']);

  // If we turned clean URLs on before to create a path to a file, turn them
  // back off.
  if ($cached_settings['is_file'] && !$cached_settings['orig_clean_url']) {
    $GLOBALS['conf']['clean_url'] = FALSE;
  }

  // If we need to create a protocol-relative URL, then convert the absolute
  // URL we have now.
  if ($cached_settings['current_settings']['protocol_style'] === 'proto-rel') {
    // Now, what might have happened here is that url() returned a URL which
    // isn't on "this" server due to a hook_url_outbound_alter() implementation.
    // We don't want to convert the URL in that case. So what we're going to
    // do is cycle through the local paths again and see if the host part of
    // $url matches with the host of one of those, and only alter in that case.
    $url_parts = @parse_url($url);
    if (!empty($url_parts['host']) && $url_parts['host'] === $cached_settings['current_settings']['base_url_host']) {
      $url = _pathologic_url_to_protocol_relative($url);
    }
  }

  // Apply HTML character encoding, as is required for HTML attributes.
  // @see http://drupal.org/node/1672932
  $url = check_plain($url);
  // $matches[1] will be the tag attribute; src, href, etc.
  return " {$matches[1]}=\"{$url}";
}

/**
 * Convert a full URL with a protocol to a protocol-relative URL.
 *
 * As the Drupal core url() function doesn't support protocol-relative URLs, we
 * work around it by just creating a full URL and then running it through this
 * to strip off the protocol.
 *
 * Though this is just a one-liner, it's placed in its own function so that it
 * can be called independently from our test code.
 */
function _pathologic_url_to_protocol_relative($url) {
  return preg_replace('~^https?://~', '//', $url);
}
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                                      <h1 id="page-title">#for_healthcare</h1>
                  
                  
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              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/en/sarcopenia-independent-risk-factor-dysphagia-hospitalized-older-people" rel="bookmark">Sarcopenia is an independent risk factor of dysphagia in hospitalized older people</a>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md1"><div class="field-item even"><h3>Maeda and J. Akagi</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2016 ;16(4):515-21</span></em></p>
<p>The present study investigated the prevalence of dysphagia among patients with sarcopenia, and the association between the two conditions. On 224 older adults, the prevalences of sarcopenia and dysphagia were 76.8% and 30.0%, respectively and it was shown that sarcopenia is an independent risk factor for dysphagia among older individuals.</p>
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/en/sarcopenia-independent-risk-factor-dysphagia-hospitalized-older-people" rel="tag" title="Sarcopenia is an independent risk factor of dysphagia in hospitalized older people">Read more<span class="element-invisible"> about Sarcopenia is an independent risk factor of dysphagia in hospitalized older people</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
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<article id="node-176" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article even node-lang-en iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
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              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/en/what-clinically-meaningful-improvement-leg-extensor-power-mobility-limited-older-adults" rel="bookmark">What is a Clinically Meaningful Improvement in Leg-Extensor Power for Mobility-limited Older Adults?</a>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md2"><div class="field-item even"><h3>D.R. Kirn, K.F. Reid, C. Hau, et al.</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2016;71(5):632-6</span></em></p>
<p>The purpose of this study is to establish the minimal clinically important improvement (MCII) and substantial improvement (SI) for leg-extensor power and muscle contraction velocity in mobility-limited older adults.</p>
<p>This is the first study to establish a clinically meaningful improvement of leg-extensor power (9%-10%) and velocity (6%-7%) in mobility-limited older adults</p>
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/en/what-clinically-meaningful-improvement-leg-extensor-power-mobility-limited-older-adults" rel="tag" title="What is a Clinically Meaningful Improvement in Leg-Extensor Power for Mobility-limited Older Adults?">Read more<span class="element-invisible"> about What is a Clinically Meaningful Improvement in Leg-Extensor Power for Mobility-limited Older Adults?</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
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<article id="node-171" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article odd node-lang-en iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
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              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/en/comparison-handgrip-and-leg-extension-strength-predicting-slow-gait-speed-older-adults-0" rel="bookmark">Comparison of Handgrip and Leg Extension Strength in Predicting Slow Gait Speed in Older Adults</a>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md3"><div class="field-item even"><h3>M.S. Fragala, D.E. Alley, M.D. Shardell, et al.</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">J Am Geriatr Soc. 2016;64:144–150</span></em></p>
<p>This study aimed at comparing the relative predictive power of handgrip and leg extension strength in predicting slow walking.</p>
<p>Results suggest that handgrip strength may be an adequate measure to predict physical function whereas leg extension strength is only a slightly better predictor of slow gait speed.</p>
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<article id="node-169" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article even node-lang-en iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
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              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/en/macronutrients-intake-and-incident-frailty-older-adults-prospective-cohort-study-0" rel="bookmark">Macronutrients Intake and Incident Frailty in Older Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study</a>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md4"><div class="field-item even"><h3>H. Sandoval-Insausti, R.F. Pérez-Tasigchana, E. López-García, et al.</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci.2016;71(10):1329-34</span></em></p>
<p>This study examined the association of protein and other macronutrient intake with the risk of frailty in older adults. Authors concluded that the intake of total protein, animal protein, and MUFAs was inversely associated with incident frailty. Promoting the intake of these nutrients might reduce frailty.</p>
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/en/macronutrients-intake-and-incident-frailty-older-adults-prospective-cohort-study-0" rel="tag" title="Macronutrients Intake and Incident Frailty in Older Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study">Read more<span class="element-invisible"> about Macronutrients Intake and Incident Frailty in Older Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
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<article id="node-167" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article odd node-lang-en iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
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              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/en/development-and-validation-electronic-frailty-index-using-routine-primary-care-electronic-health" rel="bookmark">Development and validation of an electronic frailty index using routine primary care electronic health record data</a>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md5"><div class="field-item even"><h3>A. Clegg, C. Bates, J. Young, R.Ryan, et al.</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">Age and Ageing. 2016;45(3):353-60</span></em></p>
<p>International guidelines recommend routine identification of frailty to provide evidence-based treatment, but currently available tools require additional resource. This retrospective cohort study wants to develop and validate an electronic frailty index (eFI), using routinely available primary care electronic health record data.</p>
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/en/development-and-validation-electronic-frailty-index-using-routine-primary-care-electronic-health" rel="tag" title="Development and validation of an electronic frailty index using routine primary care electronic health record data">Read more<span class="element-invisible"> about Development and validation of an electronic frailty index using routine primary care electronic health record data</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
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<article id="node-157" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article even node-lang-en iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
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              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/en/effects-physical-exercise-interventions-frail-older-adults-systematic-review-randomized-controlled-0" rel="bookmark">Effects of physical exercise interventions in frail older adults: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials</a>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md6"><div class="field-item even"><h3>C. de Labra, C. Guimaraes-Pinheiro, A. Maseda, et al.</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">BMC Geriatrics. 2015;15:154</span></em></p>
<p>Physical exercise has demonstrated its beneficial effects in reducing the risk of many adverse outcomes, such as frailty. The major goal of this systematic review of randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) was to investigate the benefits of exercise programs in frail elderly people, considering only those studies where frailty had been defined. This systematic review suggested that frail older adults seemed to benefit from exercise interventions, although the optimal program remains unclear.</p>
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/en/effects-physical-exercise-interventions-frail-older-adults-systematic-review-randomized-controlled-0" rel="tag" title="Effects of physical exercise interventions in frail older adults: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials">Read more<span class="element-invisible"> about Effects of physical exercise interventions in frail older adults: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
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<article id="node-155" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article odd node-lang-en iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
      <header class="node-header">
              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/en/association-habitual-dietary-resveratrol-exposure-development-frailty-older-age-invecchiare-0" rel="bookmark">Association of habitual dietary resveratrol exposure with the development of frailty in older age: the Invecchiare in Chianti study</a>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md7"><div class="field-item even"><h3>M. Rabassa, R. Zamora-Ros, M. Urpi-Sarda, et al.</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">Am J Clin Nutr 2015;102:1534–42</span></em></p>
<p>Resveratrol may play a protective role against the frailty syndrome (FS) because of its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study has prospectively evaluated the association between habitual dietary resveratrol exposure and the development of FS after 3-, 6-, and 9-years follow-up periods in a community-dwelling older population. This study has shown that higher habitual dietary resveratrol exposure was associated with lower risk of older community dwellers developing FS during the first 3 years of follow-up but not after longer follow-up periods.</p>
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/en/association-habitual-dietary-resveratrol-exposure-development-frailty-older-age-invecchiare-0" rel="tag" title="Association of habitual dietary resveratrol exposure with the development of frailty in older age: the Invecchiare in Chianti study">Read more<span class="element-invisible"> about Association of habitual dietary resveratrol exposure with the development of frailty in older age: the Invecchiare in Chianti study</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
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<article id="node-154" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article even node-lang-en iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
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              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/en/predictive-validity-two-step-tool-map-frailty-primary-care-0" rel="bookmark">Predictive validity of a two-step tool to map frailty in primary care</a>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md8"><div class="field-item even"><h3>J.A.L. van Kempen, H.J. Schers, I. Philp, et al.</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">BMC Medicine 2015;13:287</span></em></p>
<p>EASY-Care Two step Older people Screening (EASY-Care TOS) is a stepped approach to identify frail older people at risk for negative health outcomes in primary care, and makes use of General Practitioners’ (GPs) readily-available information. This study aimed to determine the predictive value of EASY-Care TOS for negative health outcomes within the year from assessment. GPs applying the EASY-Care TOS procedure, where they only perform additional assessment when they judge this as necessary, can efficiently predict negative health outcomes in their older populations. Moreover, this evaluation is almost as accurate as a complete specialist comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA).</p>
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/en/predictive-validity-two-step-tool-map-frailty-primary-care-0" rel="tag" title="Predictive validity of a two-step tool to map frailty in primary care">Read more<span class="element-invisible"> about Predictive validity of a two-step tool to map frailty in primary care</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
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<article id="node-153" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article odd node-lang-en iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
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              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/en/trunk-posture-walking-better-marker-gait-speed-predicting-decline-function-and-subsequent-frailty-0" rel="bookmark">Is Trunk Posture in Walking a Better Marker than Gait Speed in Predicting Decline in Function and Subsequent Frailty?</a>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md9"><div class="field-item even"><h3>R.A. Merchant, S. Banerji, G. Singh, et al.</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016;17(1):65-70</span></em></p>
<p>Older adults are known to compensate well for declining physiological reserve through environmental modification and posture adaptation. This study aimed to analyze and identify significant posture adaptation in older adults that is required to maintain gait speed in the face of increasing vulnerability. Data of this study suggest that identifying trunk posture adaptation before the onset of decline in gait speed will help in planning interventions in the at-risk community-dwelling older adults even before gait speed declines.</p>
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      <nav class="clearfix"><ul class="links inline"><li class="node-readmore first last"><a href="/en/trunk-posture-walking-better-marker-gait-speed-predicting-decline-function-and-subsequent-frailty-0" rel="tag" title="Is Trunk Posture in Walking a Better Marker than Gait Speed in Predicting Decline in Function and Subsequent Frailty?">Read more<span class="element-invisible"> about Is Trunk Posture in Walking a Better Marker than Gait Speed in Predicting Decline in Function and Subsequent Frailty?</span></a></li></ul></nav>
  
  
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<article id="node-149" class="node node-tabs-article node-teaser article even node-lang-en iat-n clearfix" role="article">
  
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              <h1 class="node-title">
          <a href="/en/quality-life-and-physical-components-linked-sarcopenia-sarcophage-study" rel="bookmark">Quality of life and physical components linked to sarcopenia: The SarcoPhAge study</a>
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    <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden view-mode-teaser"><div class="field-items" id="md10"><div class="field-item even"><h3>C. Beaudart, J.Y. Reginster, J. Petermans, et al.</h3>
<p><em><span class="bold">Experimental Gerontology. 2015;69: 103–110</span></em></p>
<p>The SarcoPhAge project is an ongoing longitudinal study following community-dwelling elderly subjects; the aim of this study is to assess prevalence of sarcopenia and clinical components using the diagnosis algorithm developed by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP). The authors concluded that sarcopenia seems to be associated with many harmful clinical components (for example frailty and polipharmacy) making this geriatric syndrome a real public health burden.</p>
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